STA2014 Statistics - OL1SUT15 Essays - Blood Pressure, Hypertension

STA2014: Statistics - OL1SUT15 City College Assignment Week 1 1 Jaime Mesia STA2014: Statistics - OL1SUT15 City College Assignment Week 1 1 Jaime Mesia Part 1: Write an introductory paragraph introducing the reader to the statistical study you conducted this term. Part 2: Write a summary of what statistics you calculated for the independent variable (exercise) and the dependent variable (systolic blood pressure) and a summary of your findings for Week 4. Part 3: Write a summary of what statistics you calculated for the independent variable (exercise) and the dependent variable (systolic blood pressure) and a summary of your findings for Week 8. Part 4: Write a summary of what statistics you calculated for the independent variable (educational level) and the dependent variable (smoking status) as well as the independent variable (educational level) and the dependent variable (exercise) and a summary of your findings for Week 10. Statistical procedures can be divided into two major categories: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Before discussing the differences between descriptive and inferential statistics, we must first be familiar with two important concepts in social science statistics: population and sample. A population is the total set of individuals, groups, objects, or events that the researcher is studying. For example, if we were studying employment patterns of recent U.S. college graduates, our population would likely be defined as every college student who graduated within the past one year from any college across the United States. A sample is a relatively small subset of people, objects, groups, or events, which is selected from the population. Instead of surveying every recent college graduate in the United States, which would cost a great deal of time and money, we could instead select a sample of recent graduates, which would then be used to generalize the findings to the larger population. Descriptive Statistics Descriptive statistics includes statistical procedures that we use to describe the population we are studying. The data could be collected from either a sample or a population, but the results help us organize and describe data. Descriptive statistics can only be used to describe the group that is being studying. That is, the results cannot be generalized to any larger group. Descriptive statistics are useful and serviceable if you do not need to extend your results to any larger group. However, much of social sciences tend to include studies that give us "universal" truths about segments of the population, such as all parents, all women, all victims, etc. Frequency distributions, measures of central tendency (mean, median, and mode), and graphs like pie charts and bar charts that describe the data are all examples of descriptive statistics. Inferential Statistics .- Inferential statistics is concerned with making predictions or inferences about a population from observations and analyses of a sample. That is, we can take the results of an analysis using a sample and can generalize it to the larger population that the sample represents. In order to do this, however, it is imperative that the sample is representative of the group to which it is being generalized. To address this issue of generalization, we have tests of significance. A Chi-square or T-test, for example, can tell us the probability that the results of our analysis on the sample are representative of the population that the sample represents. In other words, these tests of significance tell us the probability that the results of the analysis could have occurred by chance when there is no relationship at all between the variables we studied in the population we studied. High blood pressure, or hypertension is a major health problem affecting 43 million Americans, which is approximately 24% of the national population (Kelley Kelly, 2000). It is defined as resting systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure greater than 140/90 mmHg. There are two million new cases of hypertension each year, and it is estimated that two-thirds of American will have high blood pressure some time in old age (Neiman 1998). This article will examine the impact of aerobic exercise and hypertension and review recent research on the effect of progressive resistance exercise on resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adults. In the above example of data on age and systolic blood